CAS number：108-95-2
molecular formula：C6H6O
molecular weight：94.11
EINECS number：203-632-7

English synonyms

Phenol,watersaturated,stabilized;hydroxybenzol;PHENOL,LOOSECRYSTALSA.C.S.REAGENT;PHENOL-CRYSTALLINEPUREDAB,PH.ChemicalbookEUR.,USP;PHENOLUSP;LIQUEFIEDPHENOL,LIQUEFIED,USP;PHENOL,FUSEDCRYSTAL,BIOTECHGRADE;PHENOL,FUSEDCRYSTAL,TECHNICAL

Related categories

Pesticide raw materials; denaturants; herbicide intermediates; pesticide intermediates; food additives; basic organic reagents; organic raw materials; organic acids; gas chromatography standards (color scale); pharmaceutical raw materials; phenylenes; pharmaceutical excipients; phenols; Impurity reference

Introduction

Phenol is one of the main components of coal tar. In 1834, Runge discovered phenol from coal tar. In 1841, Laurent first obtained crystalline phenol. Phenol is a product in which one hydrogen atom on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxyl group. Phenols exist in nature in free form or as derivatives (more in the form of derivatives). The pure product is a white or colorless deliquescence crystal. In the air or in contact with unclean substances, it gradually turns into reddish crystals. It has a special smell, is poisonous and is highly corrosive. The relative molecular mass is 94.11. Relative density 1.0576. Melting point 43 ℃. Boiling point 181.7°C, 120.7°C (13.3×104Pa), 90.2°C (3.33×103Pa), 70.9°C (1.33×103Pa), 33.6°C (1.33×102Pa). Freezing point 40.85 ℃. Flash point 85 ℃. Refractive index 1.5418 (41°C). The vapor pressure is 70.7Pa (25°C). Soluble in water, miscible with ethanol, ether, acetic acid, chloroform, acetone, benzene and carbon disulfide. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water. At this time, the content of this product is 9.2%, and the azeotropic point is 99.6 °C. The reactivity of phenol is mainly the reaction of hydroxyl and aromatic rings. The hydrogen of the hydroxyl group is easily dissociated into hydrogen ions, so it is acidic and reacts with sodium hydroxide to generate sodium phenolate; but the acidity of phenol is lower than that of carboxylic acid and carbonic acid, so sodium phenolate frees phenol in aqueous carbonate solution; phenol is easily It is oxidized to form benzoquinone (pink), which is further oxidized to form a brown polymer; it can be reduced to benzene when it interacts with metal zinc; it can be reduced to cyclohexanol by hydrogenation under the action of nickel catalyst; the hydroxyl group can also generate ether Or ester; the reaction on the aromatic ring of phenol is mainly manifested as electrophilic substitution reaction, such as halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation, carboxylation and coupling reaction with diazonium salt, these electrophilic reactions are mainly The ortho and para positions of the hydroxyl group occur; the aromatic ring has high reactivity to the carbonyl group of ketone and aldehyde, such as reacting with acetone to generate bisphenol A; under the catalysis of acid and alkali, phenol and formaldehyde can generate phenolic polymerization thing. Phenol is an edible spice that is temporarily allowed to be used in my country's GB2760-1996 regulations.

Colorless needle crystal or white crystalline frit. There is a special odor and burning smell, very dilute solution has a sweet taste. Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, glycerol, carbon disulfide, petrolatum, volatile oil, fixed oil, strong alkali aqueous solution. Almost insoluble in petroleum ether.

Use

●  It is an important organic synthesis raw material, used to make phenolic resin, bisphenol A, phenolphthalein, picric acid, salicylic acid, alkyl phenol and other chemicals, and can also be used as a solvent

●  It is used as a raw material for the manufacture of resins, synthetic fibers, and plastics, as well as for the production of medicines, pesticides, etc.

●  It is the raw material for the manufacture of phenolic resins, paints and medicines

●  as analytical reagents

●  GB2760--1996 stipulates that it is temporarily allowed to use edible spices.

●  Phenol is an important organic chemical raw material, which can be used to prepare phenolic resin, caprolactam, bisphenol A, salicylic acid, picric acid, pentachlorophenol, 2,4-D, adipic acid, phenolphthalein N-acetoethoxy Aniline and other chemical products and intermediates have important uses in chemical raw materials, alkylphenols, synthetic fibers, plastics, synthetic rubbers, medicines, pesticides, fragrances, dyes, coatings and oil refining industries. In addition, phenol can also be used as a solvent, experimental reagent and disinfectant. From 1997 to 2002, the demand for phenol in major regions such as the United States, Western Europe, and Japan maintained an average annual growth rate of 4.2%.

●  Phenol is an important raw material for the production of pesticides. It can produce insecticides carbofuran, cyclophosphine, vegetable and fruit phosphorus, fungicides prochloraz, triazolone, difenoconazole, herbicides 2,4-D, 2 , 4-D-butyl ester and rodenticides diaphanous, bromine diaphanous. In addition, phenol is alkylated to produce alkylphenols such as nonylphenol, dinonylphenol, sec-octylphenol, and polyarylphenols such as 2-methylbenzylphenol, 2,2-dimethylbenzyl Base phenol, etc., are important intermediates of surfactants.

●  Colorimetric determination of nitrate and nitrite in sulfuric acid solution. Indirect determination of potassium. Used to bind excess free halogen. Determination of oxides of alkaline earth metals. Determination of ammonia, hypochlorite, 1-hydroxy acid. As a solvent for determining the molecular weight of refractory compounds. Microstaining, etc.

Production method

●  Phenol was first recovered from coal tar, and most of it is currently synthesized. By the mid-1960s, the technical route of producing phenol and acetone by the cumene method has been developed, and it has developed to account for half of the world's phenol output. At present, the phenol produced by this process has accounted for more than 90% of the world's phenol output. Other production processes include toluene chlorination, chlorobenzene, and sulfonation. There are two kinds of production methods in my country: cumene method and sulfonation method. Since the sulfonation method consumes a large amount of sulfuric acid and caustic soda, my country will also retain only a few sulfonation method units, and gradually produce mainly cumene method. 1. Sulfonation method Using benzene as raw material, sulfonated with sulfuric acid to generate benzenesulfonic acid, neutralized with sulfurous acid, alkali-fused with caustic soda, and obtained through steps such as sulfonation and vacuum distillation. Raw material consumption quota: pure benzene 1004kg/t, sulfuric acid (98%) 1284kg/t, sodium sulfite 1622kg/t, caustic soda (100% discount) 1200kg/t. 2. Cumene method Propylene and benzene generate cumene under the action of aluminum trichloride catalyst, cumene is oxidized to generate cumene hydroperoxide, and then decomposed with sulfuric acid or resin. At the same time, phenol and acetone are obtained. About 0.6t of acetone is co-produced per ton of phenol. Raw material consumption quota: benzene 1150kg/t, propylene 600kg/t. 3. Chlorobenzene hydrolysis method Chlorobenzene is catalytically hydrolyzed with caustic soda aqueous solution under high temperature and high pressure to generate sodium benzene, and then neutralized with acid to obtain phenol. 4. Refining method of crude phenol It is obtained by refining crude phenol from coal tar. 5. In the presence of a solid molybdenum catalyst, the Laxifa benzene is subjected to chlorine oxidation reaction at high temperature to generate chlorobenzene and water, and the chlorobenzene is catalytically hydrolyzed to obtain phenol and hydrogen chloride, and the hydrogen chloride is recycled.

●  Cumene is generated from benzene and propylene in the presence of aluminum trichloride, which is oxidized to generate cumene hydroperoxide, and then decomposed by dilute sulfuric acid to obtain phenol and acetone. After separation, an appropriate amount of zinc powder is added to decolorize, and then steamed.

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